Generation of computers | computers generations | Different type of computer generation

First Generation

The period of the first generation was 1940-1956

In the first generation of computers, vacuum tubes were used to control and transmit electronic signals, in which a lot of computers were built, but they first realized the concept of computer. These tubes were larger in size and generated more heat and were more prone to wear and tear, and were also less capable of computing and the first generation computers took up more space.

In this generation mainly batch processing operating systems were used. In this generation punched card, paper tape, magnetic tape input and output devices were used.

The machine code and power used were wired board languages.

The main features of the first generation are as follows:

vacuum tube technology

machine language

very expensive

sheer size

AC required

lots of power consumption

Some computers of this generation were:

ENIAC

advac

univac

IBM-701

IBM-650

Second Generation

The period of the second generation was 1956–1963.

Transistor was invented in the second generation. During this time, transistors were used together in computers, which were more efficient and cheaper than valves. Which began to be used in place of vacuum tubes for computer manufacturing. The size of transistors is much smaller than that of vacuum tubes. Due to which computers are smaller and their ability to calculate more and faster. Compared to the first generation, they were smaller in size and generated less heat and were capable of performing calculations with greater efficiency and faster speed.

In this generation, as in Fortran, the high-level programming language COBOL was used.

The main features of the second generation are as follows:

l use of transistors

l Smaller size than first generation computers

l generate less heat than first generation computers

l Lower power consumption than first generation computers

l Faster than first generation computers

l very expensive

l Assmebly language

Some computers of this generation were:

IBM 1620

IBM 7094

CDC 1604

CDC 3600

Univac 1108

Third Generation

The period of the third generation was 1964-1971.

Computers of this period could be used together. This synchronized chip became an important basis for the third generation of development, technological efforts were made to further reduce the size of the computer, as a result of which integrated circuits were built on the silicon chip, they were used in computers. As a result of which it was possible to produce the smallest size of computer ever. Their speed ranged from microseconds to nanoseconds, which was made possible through small scale integrated circuits.

Higher level languages ​​(Fortran II for IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.

The main features of the third generation are as follows:

l IC used

l more reliable

l small size

l generate less heat

l fast

l low maintenance

l still expensive

l need ac

l low power consumption

l High level language support

Some computers of this generation were:

IBM-360 Series

Honeywell-6000 Series

PDP (Personal Data Processor)

IBM-370/168

TDC-316

Fourth Generation

The period of the fourth generation was 1971–1985.

Microprocessor was used in fourth generation computers. VSLI Thousands of transistors could be installed on a single chip. Fourth generation computers used approximately 5000 transistors and other circuit elements on a single chip and their associated integrated VLSI circuits on a large scale. Fourth generation computers were more powerful, compact, reliable and cheaper. As a result, the personal computer (PC) revolution was born.

Real time network distributed operating system was used in this generation.

All high level languages ​​like Adi were used in this generation.

The main features of the fourth generation are as follows:

l Use of VLSI Technology

l very cheap

l Portable and reliable

l PC access

l very small size

l pipeline processing

l Introduced the concept of the Internet

l Great development in the field of network

l computer became readily available

Some computers of this generation were:

star 1000

pdp 11

Cray-1 (Super Computer)

Cray X (Super Computer)

Fifth Generation

In this fifth stage of development, artificial intelligence has been invested in computers. This type of computer is not fully developed yet! We can see such computers in robots and various types of sound programs. It will be more capable than humans.

The fifth generation includes:

robotics

neural network

Development of expert systems for decision making in real life situations.

Natural language understanding and generation.

The main features of the fifth generation are as follows:

l ULSI Technology

l Development of artificial intelligence

l Development of Natural Language Processing

l Advances in Parallel Processing

l Advancement in Superconductor Technology

l More user friendly interface with multimedia features

l Availability of very powerful and compact computers at affordable rates

Some of the computer types of this generation are:

desktop

laptop

Notebook

UltraBook

Chromebook

Generation in computer terminology is a change in a computer/technology being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between different hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software together to form a complete computer system.

Main five generations of computers

S.No.	उत्पादन एवं विवरण
1	पहली पीढ़ी  पहली पीढ़ी की अवधि: 1940-1956. वैक्यूम ट्यूब आधारित
2	दूसरी पीढ़ी  दूसरी पीढ़ी की अवधि: 1956-1963. ट्रांजिस्टर आधारित.
3	तीसरी पीढ़ी  तीसरी पीढ़ी की अवधि: 1964-1971. इंटीग्रेटेड सर्किट आधारित.
4	चौथी पीढ़ी  चौथी पीढ़ी की अवधि: 1971-1985. वीएलएसआई माइक्रोप्रोसेसर आधारित
5	पांचवीं पीढ़ी  पांचवीं पीढ़ी की अवधि: 1980-onwards.ULSI माइक्रोप्रोसेसर आधारित

What is monitor | What is computer | Introduction of monitor

 What is Monitors and its types:-

Monitor are a  primary output devices for a  computer. A computer monitor is a display unit that displays information processed by the computers video cards. When a video card or graphics cards convert binary information from 1s and 0s into images, these images are displayed onto the directly connected monitor. These are different types of monitors, including cathode ray tube (CRT) and liquid crystal display (LCD), Monitors have display functions that include powering it on and off, controlling brightness, contrast and position, among others. The most important difference between these monitor type is the technology used to create an image. The colour resolution standards in computer monitors are CGA, EGA, VGA, WVGA, SVGA, XGA, WXGA, SXGA etc.

Second Way:-

Monitor is that device of computer hardware which continuously shows you your data and calculations done by computer. It looks like a television and it lets you display your videos, your photos and your documents on the screen. The monitor is connected to the computer motherboard through a port so that it can receive information from the computer motherboard. It is considered an integral part of the personal computer because it is used to display all the output. In simple language it can be said that without it the computer is incomplete. The computer processor after processing the information given to the computer shows it on the monitor itself.

Operating system in hindi | operating system kya hota hai | operating system kya hai

 

Introduction:-

    एक ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम एक प्रोग्राम है जो कंप्यूटर हार्डवेयर का प्रबंधन करता है। यह एप्लिकेशन प्रोग्राम के लिए एक आधार भी प्रदान करता है और कंप्यूटर के उपयोगकर्ता और कंप्यूटर हार्डवेयर के बीच मध्यस्थ के रूप में कार्य करता है। मेनफ्रेम ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम को हार्डवेयर के उपयोग को अनुकूलित करने के लिए डिज़ाइन किया गया है।

पर्सनल कंप्यूटर (पीसी) ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम जटिल गेम, व्यावसायिक अनुप्रयोगों और बीच में सब कुछ का समर्थन करता है। हैंडहेल्ड कंप्यूटर ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम (OS) को एक ऐसा वातावरण प्रदान करने के लिए डिज़ाइन किया गया है जिसमें उपयोगकर्ता प्रोग्राम को निष्पादित करने के लिए कंप्यूटर के साथ आसानी से इंटरफ़ेस कर सकता है। इस प्रकार, कुछ ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम सुविधाजनक होने के लिए डिज़ाइन किए गए हैं, अन्य कुशल होने के लिए और अन्य दोनों के कुछ संयोजन।

Operating System (OS):-

    ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम लगभग हर कंप्यूटर सिस्टम का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा है। एक कंप्यूटर सिस्टम को मोटे तौर पर चार घटकों में विभाजित किया जा सकता है: हार्डवेयर, ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम, एप्लिकेशन प्रोग्राम और उपयोगकर्ता।

"Operating system एक  software program होता हैं जिसकी सहायता से हम computer hardware को समझ या समझा सकते हैं और computer software को चला सकते हैं | Operating system के बिना computer में कोई भी कार्य नहीं किया जा सकता हैं |"

सन 1960 से operating system की परिभाषा थी कि "Operating system, computer software और hardware को नियंत्रित करता हैं |" लेकिन , आज microcode के आधार पर एक अच्छी परिभाषा की आवश्यकता हैं |

Operating System uses by:

सेंट्रल प्रोसेसिंग यूनिट (सीपीयू), मेमोरी और इनपुट/आउटपुट डिवाइस, बुनियादी कंप्यूटिंग संसाधन प्रदान करते हैं। वर्ड प्रोसेसर, स्प्रेडशीट, कंपाइलर और वेब ब्राउज़र जैसे एप्लिकेशन प्रोग्राम उस तरीके को परिभाषित करते हैं जिसमें इन संसाधनों का उपयोग उपयोगकर्ताओं की कंप्यूटिंग समस्याओं को हल करने के लिए किया जाता है। ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम विभिन्न उपयोगकर्ताओं के लिए विभिन्न एप्लिकेशन प्रोग्रामों के बीच हार्डवेयर के उपयोग को नियंत्रित और समन्वयित करता है।

कंप्यूटर सिस्टम के घटक इसके हार्डवेयर, सॉफ्टवेयर और डेटा हैं। ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम कंप्यूटर सिस्टम के संचालन में इन संसाधनों के समुचित उपयोग के लिए साधन प्रदान करता है। यह केवल एक ऐसा वातावरण प्रदान करता है जिसके भीतर अन्य कार्यक्रम उपयोगी कार्य कर सकते हैं। ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम को दो दृष्टिकोणों से खोजा जा सकता है: उपयोगकर्ता और सिस्टम।

How to convert binary to decimal

Binary to decimal converstion program given code below:

We know that binary digit have only two bit '0' or '1' bit for executing all operatin in computer.

if let have a binary digit : 1011001 

than what will be out of the given binary code in decimal

than follow given code to convert in decimal

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> // vikasstudyknowledge.blogspot.com void main(){ int decimal=0,weight=0, rem; unsigned long int binary, bin; printf("Enter binary number\n"); scanf("%ld",&binary); bin = binary; while(binary != 0){ rem = binary%10; decimal = decimal + rem*pow(2,weight); binary = binary/10; weight++; } printf("%ld is converted into decimal is : %d",bin,decimal); getch(); }

Intersection operation perform in c programming

if set A = {2,5,6} and set B = {3,5,2,6}

Than Intersection of A and B is intersection = {2,5,6}

Output of the intersection operation

This code to perform Intersection operation in C programming 👇👇👇

#include<stdio.h> int removerepeated(int size,int a[]); void sort(int size,int a[]); main(){ int i,size1,size2,size,j=0,k,intersectionsize; printf("Enter size of an array1\n"); scanf("%d",&size1); printf("Enter size of an array2\n"); scanf("%d",&size2); int a[size1],b[size2]; if(size1<size2){ intersectionsize=size1; }else if(size1>size2){ intersectionsize=size2; }else{ intersectionsize=size1; } int intersection[intersectionsize]; // Intersection array printf("Enter numbers for array 1\n"); for(i=0;i<size1;i++){ scanf("%d",&a[i]); } printf("Enter numbers for array 2\n"); for(i=0;i<size2;i++){ scanf("%d",&b[i]); } //Intersection starts k=0; for(i=0;i<size1;i++){ for(j=0;j<size2;j++){ if(a[i]==b[j]){ intersection[k]=a[i]; k++; } } } //Sorting sort(k,intersection); //Removing size=removerepeated(k,intersection); printf("Array after intersection\n"); if(size>0){ for(i=0;i<size;i++){ printf("%d\n",intersection[i]); } }else{ printf("No intersection\n"); } } int removerepeated(int size,int a[]){ int i,j,k; for(i=0;i<size;i++){ for(j=i+1;j<size;){ if(a[i]==a[j]){ for(k=j;k<size;k++){ a[k]=a[k+1]; } size--; }else{ j++; } } } return(size); } void sort(int size,int a[]){ int i,j,temp; for(i=0;i<size;i++){ for(j=i+1;j<size;j++){ if(a[i]>a[j]){ temp=a[i]; a[i]=a[j]; a[j]=temp; } } } }

Union Operation perform in c programming

if set A = {2,5,6} and set B = {3,5,2,6}

Than union of set A and B is Union = {2,3,5,6}

Output of the Union operation

This code to perform Union operation👇👇👇

#include<stdio.h> // This is header file int removerepeated(int size,int a[]); // Function initiolize void sort(int size,int a[]); main(){ // Main block int i,size1,size2,size,j=0,k; printf("Enter size of an array1\n"); scanf("%d",&size1); printf("Enter size of an array2\n"); scanf("%d",&size2); int a[size1],b[size2],uni[size1+size2]; printf("Enter numbers for array 1\n"); for(i=0;i<size1;i++){ scanf("%d",&a[i]); } printf("Enter numbers for array 2\n"); for(i=0;i<size2;i++){ scanf("%d",&b[i]); } //union start for(i=0;i<size1;i++){ uni[j]=a[i]; j++; } for(i=0;i<size2;i++){ uni[j]=b[i]; j++; } //Sorting fuction call sort(size1+size2,uni); //Remove repeated elements fuction call size=removerepeated(size1+size2,uni); printf("Array afetr Union \n"); for(i=0;i<size;i++){ printf("%d\n",uni[i]); } } //Sorting fuction define void sort(int size,int a[]){ int i,j,temp; for(i=0;i<size;i++){ for(j=i+1;j<size;j++){ if(a[i]>a[j]){ temp=a[i]; a[i]=a[j]; a[j]=temp; } } } } // remove repeated value fuction define int removerepeated(int size,int a[]){ int i,j,k; for(i=0;i<size;i++){ for(j=i+1;j<size;){ if(a[i]==a[j]){ for(k=j;k<size;k++){ a[k]=a[k+1]; } size--; }else{ j++; } } } return(size); }